Gist:
Gist:
Soonya Vaada, the prime and significant
contribution to Indian philosophical thought from Buddhism will be
scientifically developed and presented. How this scientific understanding
helped to sow seeds of origin of rationalism and its development in Buddhist
thought and life will be delineated. Its role in the shaping of Buddhist and
other Indian philosophical systems will be discussed. Its relevance and use in
the field of cognitive science and development of theories of human
consciousness and mind will be put forward. The idea of absence as zero in
number system, vacuum in physics and other natural sciences and state
of absence of cognition in mind machine modeling will be presented. The use of
significance of Soonya Vaada in
philosophy, rational social life, natural sciences and technology, mathematics
and cognitive science will be comprehensively discussed and a model for human
cognition and communication will be arrived at.
Introduction:
Human life is refined by culture
and civilization. Culture is made up of language and religion and is part of
civilization. Every civilization is influenced by certain profound concepts and
they become nucleus to the evolution of social and spiritual life. India is a
treasure-house for many profound concepts and each concept led to the start of
another civilization apparently different but a continuation to earlier
cultures and thoughts.
Evolution of Indian culture:
The
evolution of Indian culture is not merely evolution Hindu culture; Indian
culture is like Ganges getting contributions from various channels. Culture and
civilization mutually influence each other and are complementary and
supplementary to each other. Language essentially moulds culture. Religion,
fine-arts, natural, secular and social sciences, philosophies, ideologies etc.,
constitute culture. Literature and texts of all disciplines, arts and skills
are off-shoots through language and learning. Language is the medium that
conveys all expressions. Experiences, intuitions, understanding, insight,
emotions, perceptions, thinking, feelings, knowledge etc., are given form
through language. Thus language is backbone for culture. Religion is secondary
in this regard.
Sanskrit
has been the important medium of culture of India of earlier times. Pali,
Paisachi, Brahmi, Praakrut etc., were other languages available in ancient
India. All ancient Indian Texts of philosophy, sciences, secular sciences,
fine-arts are available in these languages. It is not definitely known when
civilization has actually started in India. Whether Vedic culture has
pre-existed Harappan civilization and culture is not the subject matter of this
article. Also no attempt will be made to decide the chronological order of
events or evolution of thoughts and texts of various schools of thought or
disciplines or arts or skills or other items.
Upanishads,
the end-pieces of the Vedas are the source books of spirituality in India.
Buddhism, Jainism, Chaarvakism are other famous and popular non-vedic cultures.
Ancient Indian spiritual texts, texts of secular sciences and the like have
evolved in unison influencing one another. The evolution of Indian culture will
be followed here by observing the evolution of spiritual texts, religions, social
institutions, social and political philosophies, social justice movements,
which have influenced the origin, being and advancement of various schools of
thought and cultures. Spirituality and religion are not taken as one and the
same.
Hindu
religion has many contours and denominations and is a spectrum of thoughts.
Buddhism, Jainism and other non-vedic thoughts and religions which do not
accept the authority of the Vedas have their own system of thoughts and hence
culture. Brahmanism is the chief ism of Hindu culture. The word Hindu itself is
the mispronunciation of the word Sindhu (Indus). Dr. Radhakrishnan has stated
that there is a Hindu way of life and not necessarily a Hindu religion.
Theology and rationalism are two wings of Indian culture. Both have been
flourishing influencing each other simultaneously, and also individually and
independently. Upanishads though have been commented theologically by many
eminent seers and saints, the sages and seers of the Upanishadic expressions have clear idea of what they are professing.
They know that the Upanishadic insight they have revealed and texts composed
are texts of science on human mind and has nothing to do with the existence of
God. They very unambiguously stated that “Gods” are inventions of and created
by, humans. Brahmanism has given a social structure together with cultural and
spiritual elements embedded in it. Buddhism, Jainism, Chaarvaakism, Veera
Saivism, Veera Vaishnavism are both spiritual and social movements. Later
social justice movements of the South [Periyar Ramaswamy (Tamilnadu), Sri
Narayanaguru (Kerala)], dalit movements of other parts of India are all labeled
and liked to be called rationalist movements. Except for Veera Saivism, Veera Vaishnavism, and Sri Narayana
Guru’s movement, rest of the schools of
thought are atheisms. They take pride in criticizing and sometimes ridiculing
theisms. Gandhism has tried to combine spiritual and social elements taking
truth and non-violence as basis and basics. Communism and radical humanism are
recent additions to atheist schools of thought and developed their own
cultures. The gender has also divided individuals and encouraged to start the
culture of feminism and women’s liberation. Terrorism and Naxalism which kill
fellow human-beings with impunity have evolved as cultures in their own way.
The
Jewish and Persian (Parsi) cultures have their own Indian flavor. The western
culture has found favor with people of “modern outlook” and our urban youth and
elite are currently aping it joyfully.
All
these isms constitute and consist of present Indian culture. Sanskrit, which
contains not merely texts of Brahmanism but also of Buddhism, Jainism and
Chaarvakism, is unfortunately equated and identified with a single community
and many do not like that language only for this reason and hence the culture
associated with it. The evolution and development of different regional
languages have produced their own cultures confined to a particular
geographical area. Chauvinisms have mushroomed around regionalisms and regional
languages, claiming to have separate culture. The culture created and sustained
by Brahmanism is no longer popular and many criticize it for its bias towards a
particular community. i.e., Brahmins. Brahmins have been and are severely
criticized for creating and perpetuating a culture which allowed them to
“exploit” other social sections. The truth in this criticism is debatable.
Under this pretext they now are relegated to live a life of secondary citizens
losing all rights for their just inclusion in the affairs of the state and the
society. Of course all this is the result of evolution of Indian culture
influenced sequentially over centuries by Buddhism, Jainism, Chaarvakism and
other medieval and modern “rationalist” movements and cultures.
All
the rational schools of thought mentioned earlier are striving to redress the
sufferings of people. All of them invariably denounce Brahmanism for its
“irrational” expressions. How far all these rationalist cultures spread over
India in different denominations have been able to address the concerns and
welfare of the citizens as a whole is another matter. The invasions of Muslims have started Islamic
culture and it has evolved in India in a unique way forming part of Indian
culture. Then Sikhism has born and spread its own culture and religion.
Christianity then entered and has an influential role in the design of culture
of many Indians.
Thus
Indian culture is now a combination of many religions and isms evolved over a
period of time. Indian culture has evolved around the Upanishads and related
spiritual texts, Brahmanism, Buddhism, Jainism, Chaarvakism, Veera Saivism,
VeeraVaishnavism, Islam, Sikhism, Christianity, social justice movements,
communism and radical humanism. Indian
culture also has nucleus in regional languages and regions. All these give
diversity and of course divisions to Indian culture.
The
so called Hindu culture is also not unique. Various cults have been formed
around the teachings of various seers, saints, sages, Babas. Ammas, Swamis,
Sadhus and the like and currently there is no agreement among these cults and
all of them individually claim to be different. Now we can not pin pointedly
say this is Hindu culture. Many divisions, diversions and estuaries are formed
to the Hindu culture and all of them have to be referred to when referring to
Hindu culture. Some of these divisions claim to represent a religion different
from Hindu religion for various purposes. Caste divisions have perpetuated
their own cultures. Around these caste divisions many individuals have
developed vested interests and are assiduously cultivating them for political
and personal interests. Political empires and Dynasties have been developed
around caste, region, language, religion, ideology and the like divisions and
Indian culture is also made to contain social justice, political, ideological
aspects in addition to religious and spiritual aspects.
Language
is stated as forming the basis of culture in the beginning of this article.
Language, sometimes, seems to be a more and better unifying force than
religion. In Tamilnadu and Kerala Muslims and Christians speak the regional
languages, where as in other parts of India Muslims speak Urdu and Christians
English. The North-Eastern India has its own unique regional as well as
Christian culture. Attempts by some political parties to unite Indians by a
religion have not been successful. But divisions by caste have yielded useful
results to many caste leaders. So Indian culture is not unique and no single religion, caste, region, language, or
ideology has monopoly over it. We have enough divisions to be exploited by
narrow-minded politicians and chauvinistic caste, regional, ideological and
religious leaders. We have leaders and individuals who want to cash on our divisions
and no one attempts to integrate us emotionally. Still we are able to survive
as one nation is surprising. May be there is an underlying unifying culture
which is Indian and not specifically of any single religion, caste, language,
region, or ideology and is spiritual in essence. Let it flourish and let us
live in peace.
Buddhism:
Of the above various types of
cultures and civilizations Buddhism has its unique place in Indian
philosophical, spiritual and social fields. Buddhism is many times understood
as the “scientific thought” of Indian philosophical systems, even though the
Upanishads, the Vaiseshika, the Saamkhya and Vedanta schools too are equally
scientific from cognitive science point of view.
Indian philosophical systems are more spiritual
systems than mere thoughts. All the expressions of Indian philosophical systems
are expressions of experience and intuition of the Individual philosopher. It
is well-known how Siddhartha the Gautama attained Nirvana and initiated into
knowledge divine and realized the Self. And He became the Buddha.
All
Indian philosophical systems though apparently challenged and “fought” with
each other for “supremacy” unknowingly they supplemented and complemented one
another and we now have a vast treasure of information to compare and contrast
and arrive at a comprehensive view of the experiences of the Seers and Saints
to be useful to every human being irrespective of one’s religion, caste,
region, nationality or faith or atheism. The Buddhism and Jainism benefited
from the Upanishadic expressions and Shad Darshanas (nyaya, vaiseshika, yoga,
saamkhya, poorva meemaamsa and uttara meemaamsa or veddanta) are benefited from
Buddhist and Jain thoughts. Later developments in all Indian philosophical
schools of thought have evolved a systematic theory of human cognition and
communication.
Indian
philosophical systems are termed as Vedic and non-Vedic grossly. As mentioned
earlier, Vedic systems accept the authority of Vedas and the rest not. Even
among Vedic systems, saamkhya and vaisheshika do not mention about the
existence or otherwise of God.
The
Buddhism and Jainism are the famous non-vedic systems of thoughts. Buddhism is
special for the proposition of Soonya Vaada. The Soonya Vaada says the
phenomenal world is non-existent. Because the Buddhism has not believed in God
and said world is soonya (nothingness) it is termed as a rationalist religion.
So, all Buddhist propositions follow this dictum. Naagaarjuna, Dignaaga and other great
Buddhist thinkers are known for their rationalistic propositions.
And
thus Buddhism is free of dogmas. Also Buddhist does not believe in caste
divisions or divisions of any king among people. It also as known does not
believe in sacrifices like yajnas or yaagaas. Everything must stand to the
scrutiny of the logic and reason is its stand. Nyaya of Shad darshanas and the
Buddhism have excelled in developing the rational view of life. Thus Buddhism
is individual specific and also tries to save individuals from blind faith and
superstition.
Non-violence
is a great contribution to Indian psyche from the Buddhism, Jainism and the
compassion-full Upanishadic insight. Of these three Buddhism is first ism which
comes to mind when the word non-violence is uttered. All Buddhist life is
guided by non-violence by thought, word and deed. Hurting others is also
considered as violence and Buddhism shuns it.
As
hinted above, Indian philosophical systems are also source-books of theory of
human cognition and communication. Before proceeding in this direction, the
word soonya as understood in various disciplines and its use is narrated below.
The significance and use of Soonya:
The word soonya in Sanskrit has three
meanings: zero, vacuum and state of
cessation of mental activities. Thus zero, vacuum and state of cessation of
mental activities are soonyaani (soonyaas).
We are aware of the significance and
use of presence of a thing. Here
significance and use of absence of a thing will be discussed. The examples are
taken from the branches of mathematics, physics, technology and Buddhism and Vedanta.
Mathematics and Computer Science:
Number system is a part of
Mathematics. Zero plays a significant role in number system. As we know, when
zero is put on the right hand side of a digit the value of the digit increases.
The place values also owe their being and significance to zero As is known zero
was proposed by Indian Mathematicians. Zero number has ‘no value’. The absence
of value makes zero significant and highly useful. Zero is used both by
scientists and lay men with equal felicity and benefit. Zero plays important
role both in sciences and ordinary day to day activities.
The hardware of computers consists
of circuits and networks. Zero plays very important role in this field also.
Binary mathematics is the base for the design of computer functioning. Binary
number system makes use of only two numbers, 0 and 1.
Number
zero signifies non-transfer of electrical signal and number one signifies the
transfer of electrical signal. In this way by making use of numbers, 0 and 1,
signifying absence and presence of electrical signal transferred, computer
computes and controls.
Thus zero (absence of value) is
inseparable from arithmetic and computer functioning.
Physics and Natural Science:
Physics is one of the Natural
Sciences. Matter, Energy, Space and Time play chief roles in this branch of
knowledge. Space contains matter and energy and the actions and interactions
concerning them. Space can exist without the presence of matter or energy.
Space bereft of matter and energy is called vacuum.
Thus vacuum is absence of matter or
energy. Because of the vacuum matter (energy) can exist, move and transform. If
vacuum does not exist, physical, chemical or biological matter cannot exist and
processes cannot take place. For the creation, being and cessation of matter
vacuum is necessary. Evolution, Sustenance and Dissolution of material world
and its being and non-being is based on the presence of vacuum. Vacuum holds
matter and its transformations. Thus vacuum (absence of matter) is the stage on
which natural scientific transformations are enacted.
Technology:
In electronics transistor plays an
important role. In technical terms a transistor is called semiconductor. In a
semiconductor electron and hole are current carriers. The vacated space by
electron is defined as ‘hole’. Hole ‘moves’ in the opposite direction of
electron movement. Hole is absence of electron. Hole is not a material
particle. It is mere space.
Concept of hole-electron pair is
responsible for understanding current flow in a semiconductor and is vastly
responsible for the development of semiconductor and solid state electronics.
Thus semiconductor electronics is developed on the basis of the electron and
absence of electron (hole) concept
.
Buddhism
and Vedanta:
Buddhism
and Vedanta are philosophical systems
of ancient Indian thought. Buddhism in its intrepetation as contributing to
cognitive science has profound applications in developing the theories of human
cognition and communication. Thus all Indian systems of thought are integrated
psychology and are science on human mind.
Thus also the definition, origin, structure, function, cessation and
control of mind and its activities constitute the subject matter of the
Upanishads and rest of the systems of
thought.
Phases
of mind:
State of awakening, state of dream and state of deep
sleep are the conscious states of mind (see Table I). Deep sleep state is a
state of cessation of mind and its activities.
During this phase of mind, cognition of objects or object – created
experiences are not sensed. Mind remains absorbed in its source, the Self.
State of Self is the natural and original state of mind. This is a serene state. This is a blissful
state of mind. Energy from Self is responsible for the mental activities and
enables us to observe them as a witness. Experiencing such a thought – free and
object – experience free - state with awareness is wakeful sleep and without
awareness it is deep sleep conscious state. This is the phase of ABSENCE of
activities of mind. This is the fully conscious or thought and object –
experience free phase. This is the state of Self and is the original or natural
state of mind. This state is also called
the state of timelessness or time-transcendence or state of cognition-free
unoccupied awareness or state of liberation – moksha or nirvana or turiya state or thought, object
–experience transcendent state or state of silence or bliss or peace.
The process of Knowing or (learning) is a combined activity of sense
organs, mind and action organs. Knower,
Knowing and the Known are the inherent divisions perceived during this phase.
The awareness as these three divisions is known as triputi (subject-verb-object or knower-knowing-known). Where and
when the awareness of this differentiated perception, triputi, coalesces into awareness of knowing or consciousness, the
consciousness of cessation of divisions as undivided pure consciousness is
experienced. This is the state of unoccupied (by any cognitions or experiences)
awareness. This is the continuously and eternally present blissful state of the
Self.
The concepts of
absence of value to a digit (zero), absence of matter/energy, unoccupied
space (vacuum), absence of electron (hole), phase of absence of mental
activities state are significant and useful in mathematics, physics (other
natural sciences), technology and Indian
philosophical schools. Thus absence of a thing is equally significant and
useful as the presence of a thing.
Soonyam:
This state of, lack of consciousness of ‘triputi, is referred to absence of
cognition- state or Soonyam by
Buddhists. Here the Buddhists have
coined the word soonyam to signify and point out the state of non-cognition or
non-communication of human mind. The name in Vedanta for this state of mind is sushupti – state of cessation of mental
functions. There is another state or phase of mind in Vedanta termed as Jagrat Sushupti – which is equivalent to
Nirvana state as termed by the Buddhists. The same state is referred to as full
and ego-transcendent moksha state by
the Vedantins. This is also known as
the state of Divine Consciousness, the phase of absence of self-consciousness
as individual.
Conclusions:
Thus the soonya
state of mind is the state of mind when no human cognitions or
communications take place. The only difference between Buddhist and Vedanta
thoughts here is Vedanta proposes the presence of a cognizer to know it is soonya state. Thus the proposition of soonya state of mind by the Budhists has
led to proposal of state of sushupti
and jaagrat sushupti by Vedantins and
has profound significance in the understanding of human mental functions in
various state of consciousness or phases of mind and the role of soonya or sushupti state of mind in the development of theory of human
cognition and communication.
TABLE
I
CONSCIOUS
STATES OF PHASES OF MIND
JAGRAT
SUSHUPTI WAKEFUL SLEEP ADVAITA BHAKTI PARA
A series of ‘I -I’ pulses’ issue and virtual energy transformation takes
place Mind is active if willed. Sense and action organs are alert and ready to function. Through meditation one reaches this state. State of Visranta
Drishti, Bhakti Silence,
Bliss, Peace,Unoccupied awareness, Pure
ConsciousnessDivine consciousness,Real ‘I’ state etc.Normal or ground or
original or natural state of mind. Being.
SUSHUPTI
DEEP SLEEP ADVAITA
A
series of ‘I-I’ pulses’ issue and Mind is in absorbed state.
No transformation of virtual metal energy. Sense and action organs are not in
functional state. No awareness
of within or without of body prapancham-cognitions) or vasanas-cognition
related or created remembrances. State
of cessation of mental activities
The above
two conscious states or phases of mind are the soonya states when
nothing is cognized or communicated.
JAGRAT WAKEFUL DVAITA
Mind is
active. Sense and Action organs are active are in working state. All knowing/expressions take place in
this state. VAIKHARI Bahirmukha
Dristi (awareness of without) Becoming Excited state of mind.
SWAPNA DREAM DVAITA PASYANTI
Mind is
active. Sense organs are in dormant state.
Actions organs will be functioning if necessary. VIBHAKTI / MADHYAMA Anthramukha Dristi (awareness of
within).Becoming Excited state
Excited state of mind
Wakeful Sleep, deep sleep, wakeful or awakened
and dream. These are the conscious states of mind discussed in detail above.
Human consciousness is always on as conscious awareness and only mind rises or
sets during these conscious states of mind causing cognition and cognition-related
experiences, storing and retrieving them in respective phases. Human
consciousness is the form, the structure and the consequence of breathing
process and generates psychic energy that does all human cognitions and
cognition-related functions. Cognition and cognition-related functions are the
result of reversible becoming of this psychic energy and human consciousness
bifurcates as consciousness that is aware of the cognitions and related
activities and the occurrence of the activities themselves. When these
activities are taking place, such a dual role is played by the human
consciousness. There is also a phase when no cognitions or cognition-related
activity is taking place and it is the original or normal or natural state of
human mind, the non-dual or peaceful, blissful or silent phase of mind.
Soonya is the state of mind when nothing is
cognized or communicated. The mind will be in suspended animation and is
absorbed in the Self.
TABLE II
A
EVOLUTION
OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Evolution of universe; chemical
evolution; molecular and macromolecular evolution, evolution of proto-cells,
cells, tissues, organs and organisms, evolution of consciousness
Biochemical evolution:
Earth Micro- Euka-
Macro- Amino Humans
Formed Organisms rytes
Atmosphere Organisms Acids
Oxygen
-forming
4.5 3.5 2.5 2 1.5 0.5 0
Billions
of years
TABLE
II B
BRAIN
WAVES
Patterns of activation of brain neurons
produce four types of brain waves:
1.
Alpha Waves: These rhythmic waves occur at a frequency of about
8—13 Hz. One hertz is one cycle per second. Alpha waves are present in the EEGs
of nearly all normal individuals when they are awake and resting with their
eyes closed. These waves disappear entirely during sleep. (Jagrat Sushupti - Wakeful
Sleep Conscious State)
2.
Beta Waves: The frequency of
these waves is between 14 and 30 HZ. Beta waves generally appear when the
nervous system is active—that is, during periods of sensory input and mental
activity. [Jagrat (Wakeful/Awakened)
and Swapna (Dream) Conscious States).
3.
Theta Waves: These waves have
frequencies of 4-7 HZ. Theta waves normally occur in children, and adults
experiencing emotional stress. They also occur in many disorders of the brain.
4.
Delta Waves: The frequency of
these waves is 1-5 Hz. Delta waves occur during deep sleep in adults, but they
are normal in awake infants. When produced by an awake adult they indicate
brain damage. (Sushupti – Deep Sleep
Conscious State).
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